I sat in the January cold of Michigan craving biryani, the painful
realisation that my migration from Pakistan had taken me away from most
desi delights. Dejected, head bent I walked to the mailbox, battling the
bone chilling wind and meandering the snow and then, I smelt it; the
aroma of desi masalas.
I followed the smell to 70-year-old Fakhrunissa auntie’s apartment on the second floor. I rang the doorbell, and auntie warmly welcomed me to a delicious mutton biryani lunch. The journey and evolution of biryani chronicled by Lizzie Collingham in Curry states, The same process of synthesis went on in the kitchens. Here, the delicately flavored Persian pilau met the pungent and spicy rice dishes of Hindustan to create the classic Mughlai dish, biryani. One of the most distinctive Persian culinary techniques was to marinate meat in curds (yogurt).
For biryani onions, garlic, almonds, and spices were added to the curds, to make a thick paste that coated the meat. Once it had marinated, the meat was briefly fried, before being transferred to a pot. Then, following the cooking technique for pilau, partially cooked rice was heaped over the meat. Saffron soaked in milk was poured over the rice to give it colour and aroma, and the whole dish was covered tightly and cooked slowly, with hot coals on the lid and around the bottom of the pot, just as with pilau. The resultant biryani was a much spicier Indian version of the Persian pilau. Nowadays, it is a favorite dish in the subcontinent at all wedding celebrations.
Famed Mumtaz Mahal is credited for the modern day biryani, she thought it to be a complete meal and suggested it for troop consumption, during wartime and peace. The evolution of the biryani from pilau is fascinating. History suggests that the dum method of cooking comes from the Persian style of cooking, and may have travelled to the Indian subcontinent from Persia through Afghanistan, or from ancient Arabia to Kerala through the Arabian Sea with traders. Nonetheless in Persian, birian means grilling or frying before cooking, hence the method to cook biryani. Today, we boil the rice before the process of dum but tradiontionally, when biryani was prepared, the unwashed rice was initially fried in butter or ghee, before boiling. It was believed that frying the rice gave it a nutty flavour and also burnt the starch, gelatinising the outer layer of the rice.
separately, a lamb leg was set to sit in a marinade of curd, spices and papaya and then cooked to tenderness. Once the meat was cooked it was layered with the half cooked rice, infused with droplets of rose water, saffron and mace (these spices gave it a flowery and royal essence) and were then sealed in a handi and set on low flame until the rice was fully cooked and plumped, and ready to be served. Biryani has variations from different regions of the subcontinent, all claiming that their twist on it is the best. It is so rumoured that the Nizaam of the great state of Hyderabad wanted Hyderabad to own the royal dish, thus he had his kitchen give it a twist and the outcome is the legendary Hyderabadi biryani.
Tipu Sultan of Karnataka spread the biryani to Mysore, giving us the Mysoree biryani, but the most special biryani may be the one that does not have meat. The nawabs of the region hired vegetarian cooks to create the meatless biryani and thus tahiri came to be. Despite all the different twists to the dish; Sindhi biryani with potatoes, Memoni biryani with spicy masala, kacha gosht biryani cooked in whole garam masala spices sans tomatoes, it is actually Lucknow that lays the ultimate claim to it. The Awadhi dum biryani is another gift the nawabs gave to the northern part of India. The specialty of the Awadhi dum biryani is that the meat is half cooked and the dish is brought to cooking perfection through the dum pukth style of cooking, almost like the ancient times when berian was buried into the ground until the rice plumped. In the 1640s, Portuguese priest Fra Sebastian Manrique visited the subcontinent and wrote about the aroma of biryani in the Punjab, namely Lahore:
This city of tents contained market-places, filled with delicious and appetising eatables… Among these dishes the principal and most substantial were the rich and aromatic Mogol Bringes [biryanis] and Persian pilaos of different hues… Nor did these bazaars lack the simple foods of the native and superstitious pagan; as to meet their taste many tents held different dishes of rice, herbs and vegetables, among which the chief place was taken by the Gujerat or dry bringe….[biryanis]. Today, I share with you auntie’s biryani recipe. It is just what an immigrant desi needs to combat severe homesickness.
Here it is, from my kitchen to yours.
Ingredients 3 to 4 lbs. mutton (leg meat) 3 mugs basmati rice 6 oz. to 10 oz. oil 2 ½ to 3 large onions, sliced 4 teaspoons freshly chopped garlic and garlic Salt to taste Red chillie powder to taste 10 green cardamoms ½ to ¾ tsp. peppercorns ½ to ¾ tsp. cloves 2 to 4 cinnamon sticks 5 black cardamom pods 16 oz. to 20oz. yogurt 6 to 8 green chilies ½ bunch coriander leaves Orange food colour (just a pinch) 8 oz. to 16 oz. water Dash of lemon juice Ingredients to be added to boiling rice Salt to taste 4 bay leaves 4 cinnamon sticks 3 black cardamom pods ¼ tsp. black peppercorns ¼ tsp. cloves
Method Heat oil and add meat, 1½ sliced onions, ginger garlic, salt, red chillie and whole garam masala. Cook until half done, adding brown onions (fried earlier) yogurt and lemon juice. Once the meat is tender set aside. The biryani masala is ready. In a separate pot (colander) boil water adding whole garam masala and bay leaves.
Once the water comes to a boil, add pre-soaked rice keeping the rice to tender crisp phase, since we cook the rice completely in the dum phase. Drain the rice, layer the pot with rice, topping with a layer of biryani masala, adding a second layer of rice. Top with fried onions, sprinkle food colouring, cilantro, mint, a pinch of garam masala powder and 2 tbsp. kewra. Seal pot with foil and lid. Notching full heat for five minutes and medium to low heat for 15 minutes to complete the dum. Let it sit for 10 minutes, mix and serve. Garnish with green chillie, mint and chopped cilantro. Serve with a side of kachumer (chopped onion, tomato and green chillie salad) and raita.
I followed the smell to 70-year-old Fakhrunissa auntie’s apartment on the second floor. I rang the doorbell, and auntie warmly welcomed me to a delicious mutton biryani lunch. The journey and evolution of biryani chronicled by Lizzie Collingham in Curry states, The same process of synthesis went on in the kitchens. Here, the delicately flavored Persian pilau met the pungent and spicy rice dishes of Hindustan to create the classic Mughlai dish, biryani. One of the most distinctive Persian culinary techniques was to marinate meat in curds (yogurt).
For biryani onions, garlic, almonds, and spices were added to the curds, to make a thick paste that coated the meat. Once it had marinated, the meat was briefly fried, before being transferred to a pot. Then, following the cooking technique for pilau, partially cooked rice was heaped over the meat. Saffron soaked in milk was poured over the rice to give it colour and aroma, and the whole dish was covered tightly and cooked slowly, with hot coals on the lid and around the bottom of the pot, just as with pilau. The resultant biryani was a much spicier Indian version of the Persian pilau. Nowadays, it is a favorite dish in the subcontinent at all wedding celebrations.
Famed Mumtaz Mahal is credited for the modern day biryani, she thought it to be a complete meal and suggested it for troop consumption, during wartime and peace. The evolution of the biryani from pilau is fascinating. History suggests that the dum method of cooking comes from the Persian style of cooking, and may have travelled to the Indian subcontinent from Persia through Afghanistan, or from ancient Arabia to Kerala through the Arabian Sea with traders. Nonetheless in Persian, birian means grilling or frying before cooking, hence the method to cook biryani. Today, we boil the rice before the process of dum but tradiontionally, when biryani was prepared, the unwashed rice was initially fried in butter or ghee, before boiling. It was believed that frying the rice gave it a nutty flavour and also burnt the starch, gelatinising the outer layer of the rice.
separately, a lamb leg was set to sit in a marinade of curd, spices and papaya and then cooked to tenderness. Once the meat was cooked it was layered with the half cooked rice, infused with droplets of rose water, saffron and mace (these spices gave it a flowery and royal essence) and were then sealed in a handi and set on low flame until the rice was fully cooked and plumped, and ready to be served. Biryani has variations from different regions of the subcontinent, all claiming that their twist on it is the best. It is so rumoured that the Nizaam of the great state of Hyderabad wanted Hyderabad to own the royal dish, thus he had his kitchen give it a twist and the outcome is the legendary Hyderabadi biryani.
Tipu Sultan of Karnataka spread the biryani to Mysore, giving us the Mysoree biryani, but the most special biryani may be the one that does not have meat. The nawabs of the region hired vegetarian cooks to create the meatless biryani and thus tahiri came to be. Despite all the different twists to the dish; Sindhi biryani with potatoes, Memoni biryani with spicy masala, kacha gosht biryani cooked in whole garam masala spices sans tomatoes, it is actually Lucknow that lays the ultimate claim to it. The Awadhi dum biryani is another gift the nawabs gave to the northern part of India. The specialty of the Awadhi dum biryani is that the meat is half cooked and the dish is brought to cooking perfection through the dum pukth style of cooking, almost like the ancient times when berian was buried into the ground until the rice plumped. In the 1640s, Portuguese priest Fra Sebastian Manrique visited the subcontinent and wrote about the aroma of biryani in the Punjab, namely Lahore:
This city of tents contained market-places, filled with delicious and appetising eatables… Among these dishes the principal and most substantial were the rich and aromatic Mogol Bringes [biryanis] and Persian pilaos of different hues… Nor did these bazaars lack the simple foods of the native and superstitious pagan; as to meet their taste many tents held different dishes of rice, herbs and vegetables, among which the chief place was taken by the Gujerat or dry bringe….[biryanis]. Today, I share with you auntie’s biryani recipe. It is just what an immigrant desi needs to combat severe homesickness.
Here it is, from my kitchen to yours.
Ingredients 3 to 4 lbs. mutton (leg meat) 3 mugs basmati rice 6 oz. to 10 oz. oil 2 ½ to 3 large onions, sliced 4 teaspoons freshly chopped garlic and garlic Salt to taste Red chillie powder to taste 10 green cardamoms ½ to ¾ tsp. peppercorns ½ to ¾ tsp. cloves 2 to 4 cinnamon sticks 5 black cardamom pods 16 oz. to 20oz. yogurt 6 to 8 green chilies ½ bunch coriander leaves Orange food colour (just a pinch) 8 oz. to 16 oz. water Dash of lemon juice Ingredients to be added to boiling rice Salt to taste 4 bay leaves 4 cinnamon sticks 3 black cardamom pods ¼ tsp. black peppercorns ¼ tsp. cloves
Method Heat oil and add meat, 1½ sliced onions, ginger garlic, salt, red chillie and whole garam masala. Cook until half done, adding brown onions (fried earlier) yogurt and lemon juice. Once the meat is tender set aside. The biryani masala is ready. In a separate pot (colander) boil water adding whole garam masala and bay leaves.
Once the water comes to a boil, add pre-soaked rice keeping the rice to tender crisp phase, since we cook the rice completely in the dum phase. Drain the rice, layer the pot with rice, topping with a layer of biryani masala, adding a second layer of rice. Top with fried onions, sprinkle food colouring, cilantro, mint, a pinch of garam masala powder and 2 tbsp. kewra. Seal pot with foil and lid. Notching full heat for five minutes and medium to low heat for 15 minutes to complete the dum. Let it sit for 10 minutes, mix and serve. Garnish with green chillie, mint and chopped cilantro. Serve with a side of kachumer (chopped onion, tomato and green chillie salad) and raita.
